How And Why Did European Attitudes Toward Imperialism Change After 1870

American Imperialism

"American imperialism" is a term that refers to the economical, military, and cultural influence of the United States internationally.

Learning Objectives

Define American imperialism

Fundamental Takeaways

Key Points

• The late nineteenth century was known as the "Historic period of Imperialism," a time when the United States and other major world powers apace expanded their territorial possessions.
• American imperialism is partly based on American exceptionalism, the idea that the United States is unlike from other countries because of its specific world mission to spread liberty and republic.
• One of the most notable instances of American imperialism was the annexation of Hawaii in 1898, which allowed the United states to gain possession and control of all ports, buildings, harbors, military equipment, and public belongings that had belonged to the Authorities of the Hawaiian Islands.
• Some groups, such as the American Anti-Imperialist League, opposed imperialism on the grounds that information technology conflicted with the American ideal of Republicans and the "consent of the governed."

Key Terms

• Social Darwinism: An ideology that seeks to apply biological concepts of Darwinism or evolutionary theory to sociology and politics, ofttimes under the assumption that conflict between societal groups leads to social progress, every bit superior groups surpass inferior ones.
• American Exceptionalism: A belief, central to American political civilisation since the Revolution, that Americans have a unique mission amidst nations to spread freedom and democracy.
• The American Anti-Imperialist League: An organization established in the United states on June 15, 1898, to battle the American annexation of the Philippines as an insular surface area.
• American Imperialism: A term that refers to the economic, military, and cultural influence of the The states on other countries.

Expansion and Power

"American imperialism" is a term that refers to the economic, military, and cultural influence of the U.s.a. on other countries. First popularized during the presidency of James G. Polk, the concept of an "American Empire" was made a reality throughout the latter one-half of the 1800s. During this time, industrialization acquired American businessmen to seek new international markets in which to sell their appurtenances. In addition, the increasing influence of social Darwinism led to the belief that the United states of america was inherently responsible for bringing concepts such as industry, democracy, and Christianity to less adult "savage" societies. The combination of these attitudes and other factors led the United states of america toward imperialism.

"Ten Thousand Miles from Tip to Tip": "Ten Thousand Miles from Tip to Tip," refers to the extension of U.S. domination (symbolized past a bald eagle) from Puerto Rico to the Philippines. The cartoon contrasts the 1898 representation with that of the United States in 1798.

American imperialism is partly rooted in American exceptionalism, the thought that the United states of america is different from other countries due to its specific globe mission to spread liberty and democracy. This theory often is traced back to the words of 1800s French observer Alexis de Tocqueville, who concluded that the United States was a unique nation, "proceeding forth a path to which no limit can be perceived."

Pinpointing the actual beginning of American imperialism is difficult. Some historians advise that it began with the writing of the Constitution; historian Donald W. Meinig argues that the regal beliefs of the United States dates dorsum to at least the Louisiana Buy. He describes this result every bit an, "ambitious encroachment of one people upon the territory of another, resulting in the subjugation of that people to alien rule." Hither, he is referring to the U.South. policies toward Native Americans, which he said were, "designed to remold them into a people more appropriately conformed to imperial desires."

Uncle Sam teaching the earth: This caricature shows Uncle Sam lecturing four children labelled "Philippines," "Hawaii," "Puerto Rico," and "Cuba" in front of children holding books labeled with various U.S. states. In the background, an American Indian holds a volume upside down, a Chinese boy stands at the door, and a black boy cleans a window. The blackboard reads, "The consent of the governed is a proficient matter in theory, but very rare in fact… the U.Southward. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they tin can govern themselves."

Whatever its origins, American imperialism experienced its pinnacle from the late 1800s through the years following World War II. During this "Age of Imperialism," the United States exerted political, social, and economic command over countries such as the Philippines, Cuba, Germany, Republic of austria, Korea, and Nippon. 1 of the most notable examples of American imperialism in this age was the looting of Hawaii in 1898, which allowed the United States to gain possession and control of all ports, buildings, harbors, military machine equipment, and public holding that had formally belonged to the Government of the Hawaiian Islands. On January 17, 1893, the last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii, Queen Liliuokalani, was deposed in a coup d'état led largely past American citizens who were opposed to Liliuokalani'due south attempt to plant a new Constitution. This action eventually resulted in Hawaii's becoming America's 50th country in 1959.

Opposition to Imperialism

The American Anti-Imperialist League was an system established in the United states of america on June 15, 1898, to battle the American annexation of the Philippines as an insular area. The League also argued that the Castilian-American War was a war of imperialism camouflaged as a war of liberation. The anti-imperialists opposed the expansion considering they believed imperialism violated the ideology of republicanism, especially the need for "consent of the governed." They did not oppose expansion on commercial, constitutional, religious, or humanitarian grounds; rather, they believed that the annexation and administration of tertiary-earth tropical areas would hateful the abandonment of American ideals of cocky-government and isolation—ideals expressed in the U.S. Announcement of Independence, George Washington 'south Bye Address, and Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address. The Anti-Imperialist League represented an older generation and was rooted in an earlier era; they were defeated in terms of public stance, the 1900 ballot, and the actions of Congress and the president because nigh younger Progressives who were just coming to power supported imperialism.

The Castilian-American War

The Spanish-American War was a three-month-long disharmonize in 1898 between Spain and the U.s..

Learning Objectives

Analyze the Castilian-American War

Central Takeaways

Key Points

• The Spanish-American War was the result of American intervention in the ongoing Cuban War of Independence with Espana.
• The war served to farther repair relations between the American North and Southward. The war gave both sides a common enemy for the first fourth dimension since the cease of the Civil War in 1865, and many friendships were formed betwixt soldiers of Northern and Southern states during their tours of duty.
• The state of war marked American entry into earth affairs. Since so, the United States has had a significant hand in various conflicts around the earth, and has entered into many treaties and agreements.
• The defeat of Spain marked the stop of the Spanish Empire.

Fundamental Terms

• expansionism: The policy of expanding a nation's territory or its economical influence.

Overview

The Spanish-American War was a conflict in 1898 between Espana and the United States. Information technology was the upshot of American intervention in the ongoing Cuban State of war of Independence. American attacks on Spain'south Pacific possessions led to U.S. involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately to the Philippine-American State of war.

Groundwork

Revolts confronting Castilian rule had been owned for decades in Republic of cuba and were closely watched by Americans. With the abolitionism of slavery in 1886, former slaves joined the ranks of farmers and the urban working form, many wealthy Cubans lost their property, and the number of saccharide mills declined. Merely companies and the most powerful plantation owners remained in concern, and during this period, U.Southward. financial capital began flowing into the country. Although it remained Spanish territory politically, Cuba started to depend on the United States economically. Coincidentally, effectually the aforementioned time, Cuba saw the rise of labor movements.

Following his 2d displacement to Spain in 1878, revolutionary José Martí moved to the United states of america in 1881. There he mobilized the back up of the Cuban exile community, particularly in southern Florida. He aimed for a revolution and independence from Spain, only besides lobbied confronting the U.South. annexation of Cuba, which some American and Cuban politicians desired.

By 1897–1898, American public stance grew angrier at reports of Castilian atrocities in Republic of cuba. After the mysterious sinking of the American battleship Maine in Havana harbor, political pressures from the Autonomous Party pushed the administration of Republican President William McKinley into a war he had wished to avoid. Compromise proved impossible, resulting in the United States sending an ultimatum to Spain that demanded it immediately surrender control of Republic of cuba, which the Spanish rejected. First Madrid, so Washington, formally declared state of war.

The State of war

Although the main issue was Cuban independence, the x-week war was fought in both the Caribbean area and the Pacific. American naval power proved decisive, allowing U.S. expeditionary forces to disembark in Cuba against a Castilian garrison already reeling from nationwide insurgent attacks and wasted by yellow fever.

The Spanish-American War was swift and decisive. During the state of war's iii-calendar month duration, non a unmarried American contrary of whatever importance occurred. A week after the proclamation of war, Commodore George Dewey of the six-warship Asiatic Squadron (and then based at Hong Kong) steamed his fleet to the Philippines. Dewey defenseless the entire Spanish armada at ballast in Manila Bay and destroyed information technology without losing an American life.

Cuban, Philippine, and American forces obtained the give up of Santiago de Republic of cuba and Manila as a issue of their numerical superiority in most of the battles and despite the good operation of some Spanish infantry units and spirited defenses in places such equally San Juan Hill. Madrid sued for peace later on two obsolete Spanish squadrons were sunk in Santiago de Cuba and Manila Bay. A third more modern fleet was recalled abode to protect the Spanish coasts.

The Treaty of Paris

The outcome of the war was the 1898 Treaty of Paris, negotiated on terms favorable to the United states. It allowed temporary American command of Cuba and indefinite colonial authority over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines post-obit their buy from Spain. The defeat and collapse of the Spanish Empire was a profound daze to Spain's national psyche, and provoked a movement of thoroughgoing philosophical and creative reevaluation of Spanish society known every bit the "Generation of '98." The victor gained several isle possessions spanning the world, which caused a rancorous new fence over the wisdom of expansionism.

Legacy of the State of war

"La Fatlera del Oncle Sam": A Catalan satirical drawing, published in La Campana de Gràcia (1896), criticizing U.Due south. behavior regarding Cuba.

The war marked American entry into globe affairs. Before the Spanish-American State of war, the Usa was characterized past isolationism, an approach to foreign policy that asserts that a nation'south interests are best served by keeping the affairs of other countries at a distance. Since the Spanish-American War, the United States has had a significant hand in diverse conflicts around the earth, and has entered many treaties and agreements. The Panic of 1893 was over by this bespeak, and the The states entered a long and prosperous period of economic and population growth and technological innovation that lasted through the 1920s. The state of war redefined national identity, served as a solution of sorts to the social divisions plaguing the American mind, and provided a model for all future news reporting.

The war also finer concluded the Spanish Empire. Spain had been declining every bit an royal ability since the early nineteenth century as a consequence of Napoleon'southward invasion. The loss of Cuba caused a national trauma because of the affinity of peninsular Spaniards with Republic of cuba, which was seen as some other province of Spain rather than as a colony. Spain retained only a scattering of overseas holdings: Spanish Westward Africa, Spanish Guinea, Spanish Sahara, Spanish Morocco, and the Canary Islands.

Markets and Missionaries

Progressive Era evangelism included strong political, social, and economical letters, which urged adherents to improve their society.

Learning Objectives

Place the Social Gospel movement and the American Missionary Association

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The Social Gospel was the religious wing of the Progressive movement, which aimed to combat injustice, suffering, and poverty in lodge.
• The American Missionary Association established schools and colleges for African Americans in the post-Civil State of war period.
• The Social Gospel motion was not a unified and well-focused movement, as there were disagreements amid members.

Key Terms

• Social Gospel: A Protestant Christian intellectual movement that was most prominent in the early on twentieth-century U.s.a. and Canada that practical Christian ideals to social problems.
• American Missionary Association: An organization supporting the pedagogy of freed blacks that founded hundreds of schools and colleges.
• Evangelical: Of or relating to any of several Christian churches that believe in the sole authority of the gospels.

The Social Gospel Move

The Social Gospel was a Protestant movement that was almost prominent in the early twentieth-century The states and Canada. The movement applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially issues of social justice such every bit economic inequality, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, unclean environments, kid labor, inadequate labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war.

In the United States, prior to World State of war I, the Social Gospel was the religious wing of the Progressive movement, which aimed to combat injustice, suffering, and poverty in society. Denver, Colorado, was a center of Social Gospel activism. Thomas Uzzell led the Methodist People'south Tabernacle from 1885 to 1910. He established a complimentary dispensary for medical emergencies, an employment bureau for job seekers, a summer military camp for children, night schools for extended learning, and English language linguistic communication classes. Myron Reed of the Beginning Congregational Church became a spokesman for labor unions on issues such every bit worker's bounty. His eye-class congregation encouraged Reed to motion on when he became a Socialist, and he organized a nondenominational church. Baptist minister Jim Goodhart set upwardly an employment bureau, and provided nutrient and lodging for tramps and hobos at the mission he ran. He became city clergyman and director of public welfare of Denver in 1918. In addition to these Protestants, Reform Jews and Catholics helped build Denver's social welfare system in the early twentieth century.

Walter Rauschenbusch and Dwight Moody

Pastor Dwight Moody, ca.1900: Portrait of Pastor Dwight Moody: preacher, evangelist, and publisher in the Social Gospel move.

One of the defining theologians for the Social Gospel move was Walter Rauschenbusch, a Baptist pastor of a congregation located in Hell'southward Kitchen in New York Urban center. Rauschenbusch railed against what he regarded as the selfishness of capitalism and promoted a course of Christian Socialism that supported the cosmos of labor unions and cooperative economic science.

While pastors such equally Rauschenbusch were combining their expertise in Biblical ethics and economical studies and research to preach theological claims around the need for social reform, others such every bit Dwight Moody refused to preach about social issues based on personal experience. Pastor Moody's experience led him to believe that the poor were as well particular in receiving charity. Moody claimed that concentrating on social aid distracted people from the life-saving message of the Gospel.

Rauschenbusch sought to accost the problems of the city with Socialist ideas that proved to exist frightening to the center classes, the main supporters of the Social Gospel. In contrast, Moody attempted to salvage people from the urban center and was very effective in influencing heart-class Americans who were moving into the city with traditional way revivals.

The American Missionary Association

The American Missionary Association (AMA) was a Protestant-based abolitionist group founded on September 3, 1846, in Albany, New York. The main purpose of this organization was to abolish slavery, educate African Americans, advocate for racial equality, and promote Christian values. Its members and leaders were both black and white and chiefly affiliated with Congregationalist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches.

The AMA started The American Missionary mag, which published from 1846 through 1934. Among its efforts was the founding of antislavery churches. For example, the abolitionist Owen Lovejoy was amidst the Congregational ministers of the AMA who helped plant 115 antislavery churches in Illinois before the American Civil War, aided past the potent westward migration of individuals from the Due east. While the AMA became notable in the The states for its piece of work in opposition to slavery and in support of education for freed men, information technology also worked in missions in numerous nations overseas. The nineteenth-century missionary endeavour was strong in China and east asia.

Legacy

While the Social Gospel was curt-lived historically, it had a lasting touch on the policies of most of the mainline denominations in the United States. Most began programs for social reform, which led to ecumenical cooperation in 1910 during the formation of the Federal Council of Churches (although cooperation regarding social bug often led to charges of Socialism). It is likely that the Social Gospel's strong sense of leadership by the people led to women'due south suffrage, and that the emphasis information technology placed on morality led to prohibition. Biographer Randall Wood argues that Social Gospel themes learned from childhood immune Lyndon B. Johnson to transform social problems into moral bug. This helps explain his longtime commitment to social justice, as exemplified by the Great Society, and his commitment to racial equality. The Social Gospel explicitly inspired his strange-policy approach of a sort of Christian internationalism and nation building.

The Open up Door Policy

The Open up Door Policy aimed to continue the Chinese trade market open to all countries on an equal basis.

Learning Objectives

Place the Open up Door Policy and the Monroe Doctrine

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The Open Door Policy was established in 1899 and stated that all European nations and the Us could merchandise with China with equal continuing.
• The Monroe Doctrine stated that efforts by European nations to colonize or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed equally acts of assailment toward the U.s. and that the Usa would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal European affairs.

Key Terms

• Open Door Policy: A doctrine that governed the human relationship between Red china and the imperial powers (Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Russian federation, America, and Nippon) during the early 1900s. The policy forbade the imperial powers from taking Chinese territory and from interfering with ane another's economic activities in Mainland china.
• Monroe Doctrine: A U.S. foreign policy regarding domination of the Americas, which aimed to complimentary the newly independent colonies of Latin America from European intervention.

The "Open Door Policy" refers to a U.S. doctrine established in the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, as expressed in Secretary of State John Hay's "Open Door Note," dated September 6, 1899, and dispatched to the major European powers. The policy proposed to go on China open to merchandise with all countries on an equal basis, keeping any i power from total control of the country, and calling upon all powers, inside their spheres of influence, to refrain from interfering with any treaty port or whatsoever vested interest, to permit Chinese authorities to collect tariffs on an equal basis, and to show no favors to their own nationals in the thing of harbor dues or railroad charges.

The Open Door policy was rooted in the desire of U.S. businesses to merchandise with Chinese markets, though the policy'due south pledging to protect Prc's sovereignty and territorial integrity from division also tapped the deep-seated sympathies of those who opposed imperialism. In practice, the policy had little legal standing; it was mainly used to mediate competing interests of the colonial powers without much meaningful input from the Chinese, which created lingering resentment and caused information technology to be seen after as a symbol of national humiliation past many Chinese historians.

Formation of the Policy

During the Kickoff Sino-Japanese War in 1895, China faced an imminent threat of being partitioned and colonized by imperialist powers such as Britain, France, Russian federation, Nihon, and Federal republic of germany. After winning the Spanish-American War of 1898, and with the newly acquired territory of the Philippine Islands, the United States increased its Asian presence and was expecting to further its commercial and political interest in Cathay. The United states felt threatened by other powers' much larger spheres of influence in China and worried that it might lose access to the Chinese market should the country be partitioned.

As a response, William Woodville Rockhill formulated the Open Door Policy to safeguard American business opportunities and other interests in Communist china. On September 6, 1899, U.South. Secretary of Land John Hay sent notes to the major powers (France, Germany, Britain, Italy, Japan, and Russia), request them to declare formally that they would uphold Chinese territorial and administrative integrity and would not interfere with the free employ of the treaty ports within their spheres of influence in Red china. The Open up Door Policy stated that all nations, including the The states, could enjoy equal access to the Chinese market.

In reply, each country tried to evade Hay's request, taking the position that it could not commit itself until the other nations had complied. However, by July 1900, Hay announced that each of the powers had granted consent in principle. Although treaties fabricated afterwards 1900 refer to the Open Door Policy, competition amongst the various powers for special concessions inside China for railroad rights, mining rights, loans, strange trade ports, and so along, connected unabated.

The Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine was a U.S. foreign policy regarding domination of the Americas in 1823. It stated that farther efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or S America would exist viewed as acts of assailment, requiring U.S. intervention. At the aforementioned time, the doctrine noted that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. The Doctrine was issued in 1823 at a time when nearly all Latin American colonies of Kingdom of spain and Portugal had accomplished, or were at the point of gaining, independence from the Portuguese and Castilian Empires.

Monroe Doctrine: A 1912 newspaper cartoon about the Monroe Doctrine.

President James Monroe kickoff stated the doctrine during his seventh-annual State of the Union Address to Congress. The term "Monroe Doctrine" itself was coined in 1850. By the stop of the nineteenth century, Monroe's declaration was seen as a defining moment in the strange policy of the United states of america and 1 of its longest-standing tenets. Information technology would be invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents, including Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan, and many others.

The intent and impact of the Monroe Doctrine persisted with only minor variations for more than a century. Its stated objective was to gratis the newly independent colonies of Latin America from European intervention and avoid situations that could make the New Globe a battleground for the Old World powers, so that the United states could exert its own influence undisturbed. The doctrine asserted that the New World and the Quondam World were to remain distinctly separate spheres of influence, for they were composed of entirely divide and independent nations.

Inherent in the Monroe Doctrine are the themes of American exceptionalism and Manifest Destiny, two ideas that refer to the right of the Us to exert its influence over the remainder of the world. Under these weather, the Monroe Doctrine was used to justify American intervention abroad multiple times throughout the nineteenth century, most notably in the Castilian-American War and with the annexation of Hawaii.

The Philippine-American War

The Philippine-American War was an armed disharmonize that resulted in American colonial rule of the Philippines until 1946.

Learning Objectives

Clarify the Philippine-American War

Key Takeaways

Central Points

• The Philippine-American War was part of a serial of conflicts in the Philippine struggle for independence, preceded by the Philippine Revolution (1896) and the Spanish-American War.
• The conflict arose from the struggle of the Beginning Philippine Democracy to gain independence following annexation by the United States.
• The war and U.Southward. occupation changed the cultural landscape of the islands. Examples of this include the disestablishment of the Catholic Church every bit the Philippine state religion and the introduction of the English language as the primary language of government and business.
• The Usa officially took command of the Philippines in 1902. In 1916, the United States promised some self-regime, a express grade of which was established in 1935. In 1946, following Globe War Ii, the Usa gave the territory independence through the Treaty of Manila.

Key Terms

• Philippine Revolution of 1896: An armed conflict in which Philippine revolutionaries tried to win national independence from Spanish colonial dominion. Power struggles among the revolutionaries and conflict with Spanish forces continued throughout the Castilian-American War.
• Battle of Manila: The battle that began the Philippine-American War of 1899.
• American Anti-Imperialist League: A U.South. organisation that opposed American command of the Philippines and viewed it as a violation of republican principles. The grouping likewise believed in free trade, the golden standard, and limited government.

The Philippine-American State of war, also known as the "Philippine War of Independence" or the "Philippine Insurrection" (1899–1902), was an armed conflict between the United States and Filipino revolutionaries. The conflict arose afterward the Philippine Revolution of 1896, from the Showtime Philippine Republic'south struggle to gain independence following annexation by the United States.

The disharmonize arose when the Starting time Philippine Republic objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris, nether which the U.s. took possession of the Philippines from Spain later on the Castilian-American State of war.

The Boxing of Manila: The Boxing of Manila, Feb 1899.

Fighting erupted between U.S. and Filipino revolutionary forces on February 4, 1899, and quickly escalated into the 1899 Battle of Manila. On June 2, 1899, the First Philippine Democracy officially declared war against the Us. The war officially ended on July ii, 1902, with a victory for the The states. Still, some Philippine groups led by veterans of the Katipunan continued to battle the American forces. Amid those leaders was Full general Macario Sakay, a veteran Katipunan fellow member who assumed the presidency of the proclaimed "Tagalog Republic," formed in 1902 afterward the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo. Other groups, including the Moro people and Pulahanes people, continued hostilities in remote areas and islands until their terminal defeat a decade later at the Battle of Bud Bagsak on June 15, 1913.

Bear upon and Legacy

Filipino soldiers: Filipino soldiers outside Manila in 1899.

The war with and occupation past the United States would modify the cultural landscape of the islands. The war resulted in an estimated 34,000 to 220,000 Philippine casualties (with more civilians dying from disease and hunger brought about by war); the disestablishment of the Roman Catholic Church building equally the state religion; and the introduction of the English language in the islands as the chief language of authorities, education, business concern, and industry, and increasingly in future decades, of families and educated individuals.

Under the 1902 "Philippine Organic Act," passed past the U.Southward. Congress, Filipinos initially were given very limited self-government, including the correct to vote for some elected officials such as a Philippine Assembly. Just it was non until 14 years later, with the passage of the 1916 Philippine Autonomy Act (or "Jones Act"), that the United States officially promised eventual independence, along with more than Philippine command in the meantime over the Philippines. The 1934 Philippine Independence Act created in the following twelvemonth the Republic of the Philippines, a limited form of independence, and established a procedure ending in Philippine independence (originally scheduled for 1944, but interrupted and delayed by World State of war II). Finally in 1946, post-obit World War Ii and the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, the U.s.a. granted independence through the Treaty of Manila.

American Opposition

Some Americans, notably William Jennings Bryan, Marker Twain, Andrew Carnegie, Ernest Crosby, and other members of the American Anti-Imperialist League, strongly objected to the annexation of the Philippines. Anti-imperialist movements claimed that the United States had become a colonial power by replacing Kingdom of spain as the colonial power in the Philippines. Other anti-imperialists opposed annexation on racist grounds. Among these was Senator Benjamin Tillman of South Carolina, who feared that annexation of the Philippines would lead to an influx of nonwhite immigrants into the United states. Every bit news of atrocities committed in subduing the Philippines arrived in the United states, support for the war flagged.

The Banana Wars

The Banana Wars were a serial of U.S. military occupations and interventions in Latin American and Caribbean area countries during the early 1900s.

Learning Objectives

Analyze the Assistant Wars

Key Takeaways

Fundamental Points

• The Banana Wars were a series of conflicts and military interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean caused or influenced by the Usa to protect its commercial interests. Panama, Republic of honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico, Republic of haiti, and the Dominican Republic were all venues of conflicts.
• The United Fruit Company and the Standard Fruit Company had significant commercial stakes and influence in Latin America and were backside many of the conflicts.

Key Terms

• Roosevelt Corollary: An extension to the Monroe Doctrine articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt that states that the U.s.a. will intervene in conflicts betwixt European nations and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than allowing the Europeans to press their claims straight.
• United Fruit Company: An American company that sold fruit produced on Latin and South American plantations to North American and European markets. Along with the Standard Fruit Company, it dominated the economies and strongly influenced the governments of Latin American countries.

The Banana Wars, likewise known every bit the "American-Caribbean Wars," were a series of occupations, police actions, and interventions involving the U.s. in Fundamental America and the Caribbean. This menstruation of disharmonize started with the Spanish-American War in 1898 and the subsequent Treaty of Paris, which gave the U.s. control of Cuba and Puerto Rico. Thereafter, the United States conducted military machine interventions in Cuba, Panama, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico, Republic of haiti, and the Dominican Republic. The series of conflicts concluded with the withdrawal of troops from Haiti in 1934 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Reasons for these conflicts were varied but were largely economic in nature. The conflict was called the "Banana Wars" because of the connections between U.S. interventions and the preservation of American commercial interests in the region.

United Fruit Visitor Steamship Service: A 1916 advertizing for the United Fruit Company Steamship Service.

About prominently, the United Fruit Company had meaning financial stakes in the production of bananas, tobacco, sugar cane, and various other products throughout the Caribbean area, Central America, and northern Southward America. The United states as well was advancing its political interests, maintaining a sphere of influence and controlling the Panama Canal, which it had recently built and which was critically important to global trade and naval power.

Panama and the Canal

In 1882, Ferdinand de Lesseps started work on a culvert, merely by 1889, the effort had experienced engineering challenges caused past frequent landslides, slippage of equipment, and mud, and resulted in bankruptcy. U.South. President Theodore Roosevelt convinced Congress to take on the abandoned works in 1902, while Colombia was in the midst of the One thousand Days' War. During the war, Panamanian Liberals made at least three attempts to seize control of Panama and potentially achieve full autonomy. Liberal guerrillas such as Belisario Porras and Victoriano Lorenzo were suppressed past a collaboration betwixt conservative Colombian and U.Southward. forces under the Mallarino-Bidlack Treaty. The Roosevelt administration proposed to Colombia that the The states should control the canal, but by mid-1903, the Colombian government refused. The Usa then changed tactics.

Less than three weeks later on, on November 18, 1903, the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed between Frenchman Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla, who had promptly been appointed Panamanian ambassador to the United States (representing Panamanian interests), and the U.Due south. Secretary of State John Hay. The treaty immune for the construction of a canal and U.S. sovereignty over a strip of country 10-miles wide and fifty-miles long on either side of the Panama Canal Zone. In that zone, the The states would build a canal, then administer, fortify, and defend it "in perpetuity."

Honduras and American Fruit Companies

Honduras, where the United Fruit Company and Standard Fruit Company dominated the country's key banana export sector and associated land holdings and railways, saw the insertion of American troops in 1903, 1907, 1911, 1912, 1919, 1924, and 1925. The writer O. Henry coined the term "banana republic" in 1904 to describe Honduras.

The first decades of Honduras'due south history were marked by instability in terms of politics and economic system. Indeed, the political context gave style to 210 armed conflicts between independence and the rise to power of the Carias regime. This instability was due in part to American interest in the country.

The first company that ended an agreement with the Honduras government was the Vaccaro Brothers Company (Standard Fruit Company). The Cuyamel Fruit Company and then followed that lead. The United Fruit Company likewise agreed to a contract with the government, which was attained through its subsidies (the Tela Runway Road Company and Truxillo Rail Route Company).

Different avenues led to the signature of a contract between the Republic of honduras government and the American companies. The most popular avenue was to obtain a grab on a slice of land in exchange for the completion of railroads in Honduras; this explains why a railroad company conducted the agreement between the United Fruit Company and Republic of honduras. The ultimate goal in the conquering of a contract was to control the bananas, from production to distribution. Therefore, the American companies would finance guerrilla fighters, presidential campaigns, and governments.

Mexico

The U.Due south. armed forces involvements with Mexico in this period are related to the same general commercial and political causes, but stand up as a special example. The Americans conducted the Border War with Mexico from 1910 to 1919 for boosted reasons: to control the period of immigrants and refugees from revolutionary Mexico (pacificos), and to counter rebel raids into U.S. territory. The 1914 U.Due south. occupation of Veracruz, however, was an exercise of armed influence, not an result of border integrity; it was aimed at cutting off the supplies of German munitions to the regime of Mexican leader Victoriano Huerta, whom U.S. President Woodrow Wilson refused to recognize. In the years prior to Earth State of war I, the United States also was sensitive to the regional balance of power confronting Germany. The Germans were actively arming and advising the Mexicans, every bit demonstrated past the 1914 SS Ypiranga artillery-shipping incident, the institution of German saboteur Lothar Witzke's base in Mexico City, the 1917 Zimmermann Telegram, and the presence of German language advisors during the 1918 Boxing of Ambos Nogales. Just twice during the Mexican Revolution did the U.S. military machine occupy United mexican states: during the temporary occupation of Veracruz in 1914 and between the years 1916 and 1917, when U.S. General John Pershing and his ground forces came to Mexico to lead a nationwide search for Pancho Villa.

Other Countries

Other Latin American nations were influenced or dominated by American economic policies and/or commercial interests to the point of coercion. Theodore Roosevelt alleged the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904, asserting the right of the Us to intervene to stabilize the economic diplomacy of states in the Caribbean area and Central America if they were unable to pay their international debts. From 1909 to 1913, President William Howard Taft and his Secretary of State Philander C. Knox asserted a more "peaceful and economic" Dollar Diplomacy foreign policy, although that, too, was backed by force. The U.S. Marine Corps almost often carried out these military interventions. The Marines were chosen in so often that they developed a Pocket-sized Wars Manual, The Strategy and Tactics of Small Wars, in 1921. On occasion, U.S. Naval gunfire and U.S. Army troops were also used.

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ushistory/chapter/american-imperialism/

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